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Rusik



Joined: 09 Apr 2012
Posts: 21
Location: Ukraine, Kyiv
Rusik 11 May 2012, 12:21
Hi! I am a beginner in assembler and this is my first topic but I really need your help Rolling Eyes

Ideally I would like write my OS with high-resolution(true color) GUI, but first it would be nice to write simple boot loader with GUI.
But I don`t know what are the ways to create interface (preferably with high resolution).

As I know there are three ways:
1. Using direct access to video card registers.
2. Using the graphics card driver.
3. Using VESA(VBE).

But as I know there are some disadvantages of these methods:
1. Using direct access to video card registers really needed when switching to protected mode, if available functions of BIOS. But it is dangerous, you may damage the equipment(I read this in one tutorial) and there is no compatibility between video cards.
2. Developers create the video card drivers only for OS Windows.
3. VESA supports high resolution(24/32 bit) modes, but if I have 1600x900 resolution on my monitor(for example), how I can use all the pixels of the monitor when VESA support 1024×768, 1280×1024 ... resolutions but not 1600x900 or another(if I change my monitor for example)... In this forum I read that for using all pixels on the monitor it must be activated A20, but I do not have any sample code using this Sad

I can not understand this, so I ask for your help. I will be glad of any useful information or even better example code Wink
Post 11 May 2012, 12:21
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smiddy



Joined: 31 Oct 2004
Posts: 557
smiddy 11 May 2012, 13:43
Great Question: I will be watching this thread to be sure.

In theory you should be able to do #2, so long as the driver from Windows isn't using the OS calls, by stripping the Windows Driver information.

I was wondering if you can get from the vendor of the graphics card, a programming interface (or some such) document in order to do things directly with your card. This won't be compatible with the rest of the world, but at least you will be setup for yourself.

Is VESA continued to be supported? There is a lot of free information out on the net for that if I recall correctly.

I'll be lurking to see how this thread unfolds.
Post 11 May 2012, 13:43
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AsmGuru62



Joined: 28 Jan 2004
Posts: 1640
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AsmGuru62 11 May 2012, 15:03
I think the private API from a vendor would expose the internals of card's
functionality, which may be a confident information, like a trade secret.

So, I think, the vendor would not give out that info.
Good question, however.
Post 11 May 2012, 15:03
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Dex4u



Joined: 08 Feb 2005
Posts: 1601
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Dex4u 11 May 2012, 16:08
To start with your best to stick to vesa, if you see my post here:
http://board.flatassembler.net/topic.php?p=143625#143625
you will see a vesa demo, that implements both A20 and going back to realmode for mode switching
Theres also FBrowser as a example (if you can not find it i will post), but vesa is very simple to use.
Here is a min example of enabling vesa and going to PM.
Code:
;************************************
; By Dex
; Assemble with fasm 
; c:\fasm Vesa.asm Vesa.bin
;
;************************************
org 0x7C00 

use16
;****************************
; Realmode startup code.
;****************************

start:
        xor   ax,ax
        mov   ds,ax
        mov   es,ax
        mov   ss,ax
        mov   sp,0x7C00 

;****************************
; Vesa start code.
;****************************

        mov  bx,4112h
        mov  ax,4f01h
        mov  di,Mode_Info       
        mov  cx,bx
        int  10h 
        
        mov  ax,4f02h
        int  10h

;*****************************
; Setting up, to enter pmode.
;*****************************

        cli 
        lgdt  [gdtr]
        
        mov   eax, cr0
        or    al,0x1 
        mov   cr0,eax
 
        jmp   0x10: protected

;*****************************
; Pmode. Wink
;*****************************

use32
protected:
        mov   ax,0x8 
        mov   ds,ax
        mov   es,ax
        mov   ss,ax
        mov   esp,0x7C00
;*****************************
; Turn floppy off.
;*****************************

        mov   dx,3F2h
        mov   al,0
        out   dx,al

;*****************************
; Do we have 32 BitsPerPixel.
;*****************************

        cmp   byte[ModeInfo_BitsPerPixel],32
        jne   Letsloop 

;*****************************
; fade background screen.
;*****************************

fade_screen:
        mov   edx,[ModeInfo_PhysBasePtr]
        mov   edi,edx
        xor   eax,eax
        mov   al,0xc5          
        xor   ebx,ebx
        mov   bl,195 
DoLoop:    
        mov   cx,640*2 
        dec   eax    

        rep   stosd
       
        dec   ebx
        jnz   DoLoop
Letsloop:
        hlt
        jmp   Letsloop

;*************************************
; GDT. 
;*************************************

gdt:        dw    0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000, 0x0000
sys_data:   dw    0xFFFF, 0x0000, 0x9200, 0x00CF
sys_code:   dw    0xFFFF, 0x0000, 0x9800, 0x00CF
gdt_end:

gdtr:       dw gdt_end - gdt - 1                                          
            dd gdt 


;*************************************
; Make program 510 byte's + 0xaa55
;*************************************
            
times 510- ($-start)  db 0  
dw 0xaa55

;*************************************
; Put uninitialized data here.
;*************************************

;=========================================================;
; Vesa Information Block                         11/12/03 ;
;---------------------------------------------------------;
; DOS EXTREME OS V0.01                                    ;
; by Craig Bamford(Dex).                                  ;
;                                                         ;
;=========================================================;

;============================== VESA MODE INFORMATION ===========================================
Mode_Info:              
ModeInfo_ModeAttributes         rw      1
ModeInfo_WinAAttributes         rb      1
ModeInfo_WinBAttributes         rb      1
ModeInfo_WinGranularity         rw      1
ModeInfo_WinSize                rw      1
ModeInfo_WinASegment            rw      1
ModeInfo_WinBSegment            rw      1
ModeInfo_WinFuncPtr             rd      1
ModeInfo_BytesPerScanLine       rw      1
ModeInfo_XResolution            rw      1
ModeInfo_YResolution            rw      1
ModeInfo_XCharSize              rb      1
ModeInfo_YCharSize              rb      1
ModeInfo_NumberOfPlanes         rb      1
ModeInfo_BitsPerPixel           rb      1
ModeInfo_NumberOfBanks          rb      1
ModeInfo_MemoryModel            rb      1
ModeInfo_BankSize               rb      1
ModeInfo_NumberOfImagePages     rb      1
ModeInfo_Reserved_page          rb      1
ModeInfo_RedMaskSize            rb      1
ModeInfo_RedMaskPos             rb      1
ModeInfo_GreenMaskSize          rb      1
ModeInfo_GreenMaskPos           rb      1
ModeInfo_BlueMaskSize           rb      1
ModeInfo_BlueMaskPos            rb      1
ModeInfo_ReservedMaskSize       rb      1
ModeInfo_ReservedMaskPos        rb      1
ModeInfo_DirectColorModeInfo    rb      1
; VBE 2.0 extensions
ModeInfo_PhysBasePtr            rd      1
ModeInfo_OffScreenMemOffset     rd      1
ModeInfo_OffScreenMemSize       rw      1

;======================================= START OF PROGRAM  ======================================
                                                        
    
Post 11 May 2012, 16:08
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bubach



Joined: 17 Sep 2004
Posts: 341
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bubach 11 May 2012, 16:15
VESA via the VBE standards is the safest bet.

The newest VBE standard is 3.0 but not that many people seem to use it, supposedly because of bad support on graphic cards. But i'm not so sure that it's that bad:
http://www.jnode.org/node/912

And remember that listing is from 2006, i bet there's tons of cards out there that supports it by now, so i would include it in any driver.

You could start by checking for version 3.0 then 2.0, 1.2 and 1.1 in that order to use the most up to date version supported by your card.
Here's a BIOS interrupt list that has the VBE calls:
http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/doc/rbinter/ix/10/4F.html

Here's a small tutorial about it using VESA 1.2 with a demo program for DOS, it's C(++) but you should be able to follow the code or at least benefit from the text itself.
http://gameprogrammer.com/1-vbe.html

VBE 3 documentation in PDF:
http://bos.asmhackers.net/docs/vesa/docs/vbe3.pdf

VBE 2.0
http://www.phatcode.net/res/221/files/vbe20.pdf

And here's a very specific and in depth document about VBE 1.2 programming:
http://www.monstersoft.com/tutorial1/VESA_intro.html

Hope that helps, the difficult part would be to set it all up and pass on the information to your protected mode kernel, or to go back and forth between 16bit and 32-bit.
Post 11 May 2012, 16:15
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Rusik



Joined: 09 Apr 2012
Posts: 21
Location: Ukraine, Kyiv
Rusik 11 May 2012, 18:57
Thanks for the replies guys. I just tested the code Dex4u, but unfortunately it does not work on my computer. But do not worry, it`s not problem now.

I have another question. In one forum I download boot loader with nice fractal animation. It uses 1024x768 VESA mode, switching to protected mode and activated A20. This is cool, all pixels in the vertical are used but it`s the top and bottom black bars because the pixels are not involved in animation.

So, my question is how do I activate each pixel if I have resolution of my screen 1600x900 and also it`s possible to use one 1600x900 *.bmp instead of animations so that it filled the entire screen? I've seen VESA64 archive by Madis731 http://board.flatassembler.net/topic.php?t=11609 but there is used a small background image that is multiplied on full screen and I do not know how remake that code.

This archive with fractal animation Razz


Description:
Download
Filename: Fractalboot.zip
Filesize: 7.99 KB
Downloaded: 484 Time(s)

Post 11 May 2012, 18:57
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Dex4u



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Posts: 1601
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Dex4u 14 May 2012, 12:05
There your problem, the image is going to be too big unless you code a jpeg decoder or use a lower res.

When you boot Madis731 demo, what mode number is posted when firsted booted.
Eg something like

mode-0x115

Can you post the number.
Post 14 May 2012, 12:05
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Rusik



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Rusik 14 May 2012, 12:28
Dex4u I do not know how to check, but I think that it 112h or 115h.
Post 14 May 2012, 12:28
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Dex4u



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Dex4u 14 May 2012, 12:32
Rusik wrote:
Dex4u I do not know how to check, but I think that it 112h or 115h.

When i boot Madis731 demo up, it stop for about 10 second with info about vesa.
the last thing before going to demo is mode number.
You need to be quick.

By the way which demo did you use as he posted many.
Post 14 May 2012, 12:32
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Rusik



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Rusik 14 May 2012, 12:45
I used VESA64_15.11_resize.7z http://board.flatassembler.net/download.php?id=5365

I think I find:
Update3:
This time there have been quite a few changes:
- it will always start in 800x600 24bpp mode or fail otherwise
Post 14 May 2012, 12:45
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freecrac



Joined: 19 Oct 2011
Posts: 117
Location: Germany Hamburg
freecrac 14 May 2012, 13:45
Rusik wrote:
Dex4u I do not know how to check, but I think that it 112h or 115h.

1a) try to get the vesa info with function 4F00h into a buffer of 512 bytes
1b) check if the ax-register return with 4Fh = if not ERROR
2) compare the byte at Buffer+05h if lesser than 2 (major version number of Vesa)

Only with VBE 2 or 3:

3) get the pointer(Offset,Segment) of the modelist from Buffer+0Eh

4) get the first/next vesa modenumber and check if FFFF the end of List
4b) increase the offset
5) use function 4f01 Mode-Info into an other Buffer of 256 Bytes
5a) check if the ax-register return with 4Fh = if not ERROR
6) check the parameter of the vesamode(resolution...)
7) repeat with 4

Dirk
Post 14 May 2012, 13:45
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Rusik



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Rusik 14 May 2012, 21:07
freecrac I have some examples of VESA functions, but the problem is that I can not use them because I do not have sufficient knowledge of assembly, I just start Sad
Post 14 May 2012, 21:07
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bubach



Joined: 17 Sep 2004
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bubach 14 May 2012, 23:11
Not to sound rude or anything, but what are you going to do once you are in graphics mode if you don't know assembly? Confused
Post 14 May 2012, 23:11
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freecrac



Joined: 19 Oct 2011
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freecrac 15 May 2012, 05:33
Some VESA bios of modern cards does support widescreen modes. For example, my Colorfull GTX295 don´t support the resolution of 1600x900, but some other widescreen modes.
(The last modes in the modelist below with 1920x1200 fit the native resolution of my 28"-16:10 LCD-monitor.)

Vesamodes Colorfull GTX295(Nvidia)
0100 X=0280 Y=0190 8Bit 640x480
0101 X=0280 Y=01E0 8Bit 640x480
0102 X=0320 Y=0258 4Bit 800x600
0103 X=0320 Y=0258 8Bit 800x600
0104 X=0400 Y=0300 4Bit 1024x768
0105 X=0400 Y=0300 8Bit 1024x768
0106 X=0500 Y=0400 4Bit 1280x1024
0107 X=0500 Y=0400 8Bit 1280x1024
010E X=0140 Y=00C8 10Bit 320x200
010F X=0140 Y=00C8 20Bit 320x200
0111 X=0280 Y=01E0 10Bit 640x480
0112 X=0280 Y=01E0 20Bit 640x480
0114 X=0320 Y=0258 10Bit 800x600
0115 X=0320 Y=0258 20Bit 800x600
0117 X=0400 Y=0300 10Bit 1024x768
0118 X=0400 Y=0300 20Bit 1024x768
011A X=0500 Y=0400 10Bit 1280x1024
011B X=0500 Y=0400 20Bit 1280x1024
0130 X=0140 Y=00C8 8Bit 320x200
0131 X=0140 Y=0190 8Bit 320x400
0132 X=0140 Y=0190 10Bit 320x400
0133 X=0140 Y=0190 20Bit 320x400
0134 X=0140 Y=00F0 8Bit 320x240
0135 X=0140 Y=00F0 10Bit 320x240
0136 X=0140 Y=00F0 20Bit 320x240
013D X=0280 Y=0190 10Bit 640x400
013E X=0280 Y=0190 20Bit 640x400
0145 X=0640 Y=04B0 8Bit 1600x1200
0146 X=0640 Y=04B0 10Bit 1600x1200
014A X=0640 Y=04B0 20Bit 1600x1200
0160 X=0500 Y=0320 8Bit 1280x800
0161 X=0500 Y=0320 20Bit 1280x800
0162 X=0300 Y=01E0 8Bit 768x480
017B X=0500 Y=02D0 20Bit 1280x720
017C X=0780 Y=04B0 8Bit 1920x1200
017D X=0780 Y=04B0 20Bit 1920x1200

The modes can be used with the linear frame buffer when A20 is on, or with a banked acess of the videoram in A000:0 using bank switching for to acess all other 64KB banks of the screen.

I think without, or only with a rare knowledge of assembly it is better to test some commands in simpler routines before to start to write a GUI with assembly.

Dirk
Post 15 May 2012, 05:33
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Rusik



Joined: 09 Apr 2012
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Rusik 15 May 2012, 10:21
bubach wrote:
Not to sound rude or anything, but what are you going to do once you are in graphics mode if you don't know assembly? Confused
Evil or Very Mad Evil or Very Mad Smile Very Happy

I learned assembler for Win32 before (a little), even wrote some simple programs. But now I have a great desire to write their OS wit GUI, so started with a simple: write a graphics boot loader and understand how it works.

I have a lot of excellent literature, which describes the function of BIOS and many others... The problem is that I have many questions to which I can not find answers, so I write in this forum

For example, this time I thought that if VESA mode supports 640x480, 800x600, 1024x768 and I have 1600x900 on my monitor, I can not use all the pixels (only 640x480, 800x600 etc). But yesterday accidentally found an example VBETest.zip http://forum.osdev.org/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=20859&start=0 that turns the whole screen on my computer and I realized that was wrong.

If you want to ask what I do on this board if I do not know anything, then say so. I said, every programmer was a time when he knew nothing. Each started with nothing and eventually reached the result. If you want to ask me why I undertake such complex tasks, I will answer that first it's interesting to me and secondly I want to gain practical knowledge and not just read books and believe that the way it is! .. .
Exclamation Exclamation Exclamation


Last edited by Rusik on 19 Apr 2015, 19:47; edited 1 time in total
Post 15 May 2012, 10:21
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freecrac



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Location: Germany Hamburg
freecrac 15 May 2012, 17:37
I think it is OK to ask those questions.

Inside of the "VBETest.zip" i found the part of code for to check out the resolution of 800x600. I think if we want an other resolution, than we have to edit those values and also all values if they are in an alliance with calculations of the screen adresses. (Not tested, i just take a look inside.)

But if your VBE2/3-Bios don´t provide the resolution of your monitor, then we have a big problem to find a solution for to switch into those mode without VESA and without a driver from the manufacturer of the videocard.
There are no informations about to switch to high resolutions with a port access like older modeX in a lower resolution.
(Also nobody can tell me the way how to switch the mode of a secondary video adapter (of one card with 2 monitors pluged in), so that the secondary display shows the content of the secondary linear frame buffer, without of using a closed source driver. I always hope that i totaly fail with this claim.)

Then we we need some more informations about your problems for using of assembler instructions. Maybe you can post a little part of code for a demonstration.

Dirk


Last edited by freecrac on 15 May 2012, 17:42; edited 2 times in total
Post 15 May 2012, 17:37
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bubach



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bubach 15 May 2012, 17:38
Yes I understand that you can't know everything from the start, but you made it sound as if you knew nothing about Assembly. So I thought that you might need to start with something a bit more simple -not that you should leave the board. But if you know basic Assembly and can read tutorials and follow examples then thats fine Smile
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Rusik



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Rusik 15 May 2012, 21:36
Thanks for you care about the topic freecrac, but unfortunately I have no any code yet. Only examples that I find and learn. But I still have many questions. One of them is: What is the optimal VESA mode should I use(24/32-bits of course) if I have 1600x900 resolution on my monitor? What are the advantages of one mode over another? And if someone uses my code, what is the optimal mode for it, if it can be any resolution of it monitor?

And second question, more great:
Suppose I decided all the previous problems with the graphics and created a good VESA interface. Now I want to use it in my operating system. It will be a real-time OS that will work in Protected mode. The problem is that in protected mode BIOS interrupts are not available and this makes it impossible to use VESA. In all the examples I've seen, first switches to protected mode and then switches to (un)real mode. But it is clear that is not suitable for serious OS. At the moment I know (I read) three ways to solve this problem:

1. The application or OS does not call the BIOS
code directly from protected mode, but first makes a copy of the BIOS image in a writeable section of memory and then calls the code within this relocated memory block (VBE 3.0 Official Manual, page 21).
2. Using 32-bit Entry Point for PM.
3. Using PMID.

But again the problem is that I can not find the sample code for this, and without them I myself can not understand.
Does anyone know anything about it? Question Question Question
Post 15 May 2012, 21:36
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freecrac



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freecrac 16 May 2012, 11:28
Rusik wrote:
Thanks for you care about the topic freecrac, but unfortunately I have no any code yet. Only examples that I find and learn.
If you have problems to understand those examples, then you can post it here, so we can help you with it in a little more pratical way.
Quote:
But I still have many questions. One of them is: What is the optimal VESA mode should I use(24/32-bits of course) if I have 1600x900 resolution on my monitor?What are the advantages of one mode over another? And if someone uses my code, what is the optimal mode for it, if it can be any resolution of it monitor?
Most of the CRT-monitors can handle a lot of modes within the capacity of the monitor. LCD-monitors come with one native resolution for best quality. Other modes will be interpolate and this can be result in a lower sharpness. In other words with a LCD-monitor with a native resolution of 1600x900 you have to use a mode with exactly this resolution, if you want the best possible view. Else you become a picture that do not fit the screen, or when the monitor is going to interpolate the screen, then the sharpness is maybe visible lower.

The difference between 24 and 32 bits per pixel is only a programming issue and this have no visible effect for the screen. I always prefer 32 bits per pixel, because we have no 24 Bit-registers and in those 24 bit modes we have to split the ram acess in two or three hits for to set a single pixel color. With 32 Bit bits per pixel we can use a single 32 bit acess instead.
Quote:
And second question, more great:
Suppose I decided all the previous problems with the graphics and created a good VESA interface. Now I want to use it in my operating system. It will be a real-time OS that will work in Protected mode. The problem is that in protected mode BIOS interrupts are not available and this makes it impossible to use VESA. In all the examples I've seen, first switches to protected mode and then switches to (un)real mode. But it is clear that is not suitable for serious OS.
Do you think an older realmode OS like DOS is not a serious OS enough, because there is no protection, or do you think only the un-realmode is not suitable?

I properly tested the 16 bit unrealmode with an Intel 80386 DX, 80486, Pentium 1,2,3,4, Core2quad Q9550 and with AMD K5, K6,.. No one have a problem with the unrealmode. They all must have a bug inside, because in the Intel manuals we can found the guaranteed properties of the Intel x86-CPUs that describe, that the hidden internal segment descriptor cache will be claered after switching back to the realmode. But that is not true, because all Intel x86-CPUs that i had tested do not clear the descriptor cache. And if it is really a material defect, then we all can reclaim our money back that we have paid for the Intel x86-CPUs, when most of they are concerned. So i think Intel is not serious in this point, but the Unrealmode is a serious feature of most x86. Only some very rare hardware-components (from Intel too) with a bios that also switch into the PM and back to RM are not compatible with the unrealmode. In the 90" where DOS more in use we had a lot of aplications that use the unrealmode and also some older driver of the himem.sys from Microsoft use the unrealmode some years too. Only for to sell Windows 95 came a claim about the unrealmode that there is not serious. I think it is only a dirty lie/trick to push Windows 95 on the market.

So i think it is nothing clear about the unrealmode if it suitable for a serious OS, or not. It is only clear that Intel propagate lies about the properties of their x86-CPUs.
Quote:
At the moment I know (I read) three ways to solve this problem:

1. The application or OS does not call the BIOS
code directly from protected mode, but first makes a copy of the BIOS image in a writeable section of memory and then calls the code within this relocated memory block (VBE 3.0 Official Manual, page 21).
2. Using 32-bit Entry Point for PM.
3. Using PMID.

But again the problem is that I can not find the sample code for this, and without them I myself can not understand.
Does anyone know anything about it? Question Question Question
The VESA PM interface does not enable to switch vesamodes. Only a few things like change the startadress of the screen and to set a palette color are available. Most of the VESA functions are only written for the RM like to set vesa modes maybe with own refrehrate, hardware triple buffering and support for sterooscopic shutterglasses(VBE3).

But the RM part of the VESA-bios can also be used with the v86-mode. I Think for the beginning it is easier to use any VESA functions within the realmode before switching into the protectmode.

What is PMID = PubMed Unique Identifier?

Dirk
Post 16 May 2012, 11:28
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Rusik



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Rusik 16 May 2012, 12:48
freecrac I do not dispute that the native resolution of LCD-monitors provides the best quality, but VESA does not support modes what are not defined by this standard. Sad
It would be nice if it was possible to use any modes with any resolution using LFB or something else for example...

So, if I have a monitor with 1600x900 resolution, what mode from the list available to be most optimal for me? That's what I would like to know.

And more, maybe it's not this topic, but what about the Menuet64. From the above I assume that this OS has a 64-bit kernel but uses 16 or 32-bits VESA interface, constantly switching in (un)real mode(if it works in Protected Mode of course).
Post 16 May 2012, 12:48
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