Does anyone know what may be the cause of not being able to use INT 13h Function 42 with a segment of 0F00h?

smiddy wrote:

Does anyone know what may be the cause of not being able to use INT 13h Function 42 with a segment of 0F00h?

Perhaps something related to crossing a 64k memory address boundary?

To be clear, I started loading at 0200:0000h, incrementing one sector at a time, ie., 0280:0000h, 0300:0000h, ... , 0F00:0000h INT 13h hangs. If I start at 1000:0000h, iterating again, 1080:0000h, 1100:0000h, ... entil the end of the OS, it loads fine.

0000:0000h - 004F:000Fh (linear 0 to 4FFh) IVT
0050:0000h - 005F:000Fh (linear 500h - 5FFh) OS Data Area (used for SmiddyOS, but traditionally for DOS)
0060:0000h - 00DF:000Fh (linear 600h - DFFh) CD Boot Loader for SmiddyOS
WAS
0200:0000h - 1980:0000h (linear 2000h - 19800h) SmiddyOS
IS
1000:0000h - 2780:0000h (linear 1000h - 27800h) SmiddyOS
    

shutdownall the El Torrito specification allows you to load your boot code where-ever you wish, within reason, based off of the real mode, and taking into consideration all the memory elements that are traditionally within the 0000:0000h to FFFF:FFFFh boundary.

smiddy wrote:

shutdownall the El Torrito specification allows you to load your boot code where-ever you wish, within reason, based off of the real mode, and taking into consideration all the memory elements that are traditionally within the 0000:0000h to FFFF:FFFFh boundary.

In the past I did use only emulation mode. This will automatically load one sector at 07c00:0000h or 0000:7c00h (depending on BIOS). I didn't know / use about the no emulation mode ever, sounds interesting.

So what about if you start loading at F000 first ?
Does it hang immediately ?
Do you have a debugger to watch content at F000 ?
Can be an error in your boot program / loader with all respect to you.

What about if you do not load data from CD to this memory location but fill this at F000-FFFF by your program with 0 or FF ?

I use "No emulation" mode only. But I don't have problem that was described above. I use X:0 address form to read sector from CD/DVD. My CD/DVD boot loader can fill all base memory on range 8000h to EBDA. I think the problem in the code. May we look at the code?

    XOR AX,AX                           ; Zero out the stack segment
    MOV SS,AX
    MOV SP,5FEh                         ; 0000:05FE
    MOV SP,AX ;<--- why this?    

smiddy: It also occurs to me that if you cannot load sectors to 0xf000 (linear) then maybe int 0x13 is using more than 2kB of stack.

Perhaps you should reconsider your intention to put the stack at 0x05fe (linear), int 0x13 might then clobber your interrupt vectors.

Perhaps your problem is here:

Code:

    XOR AX,AX                           ; Zero out the stack segment
    MOV SS,AX
    MOV SP,5FEh                         ; 0000:05FE
    MOV SP,AX ;<--- why this?    

What is the last line there for? Your stack is at 0000:FFFF and below.

So what about if you start loading at F000 first ?
Does it hang immediately ?
Do you have a debugger to watch content at F000 ?
Can be an error in your boot program / loader with all respect to you.

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;; Project          :   smiddyOS (CD-ROM Booter)                                    ;;
;; Author           :   smiddy                                                      ;;
;; Website          :                                                               ;;
;; Date             :   March 8, 2012                                               ;;
;; Quick Information:   Compact Disc bootloader beta to load bootable software.     ;;
;; Filename         :   cdboot2.asm                                                 ;;
;; Assembler Command:   Using FASMW IDE                                             ;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;; Useage: Using CDBOOT2.BIN as the boot loader from the created ISO from the       ;;
;;         CD-ROM creating CDROM.ASM from within FASMW IDE.                         ;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;;         See CDROM.ASM for further details.                                       ;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;; v1.00  - Beta release; CD-ROM compatible booter, capable of booting bootable     ;;
;;          software, in this case SMIDDYOS.EXE. Change the file name to one you    ;;
;;          wish to load instead. The loader expects to be booted at 0060:0000      ;;
;;          (600h linear) and the bootable software gets loaded at 0200:0000        ;;
;;          (2000h linear) which is launched from 0202:0000 (2020h linear).         ;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;;          Limitations include that the boot file needs to be in the root          ;;
;;          directory and the root directory can not be longer than one CD sector   ;;
;;          (2048 bytes) in size.                                                   ;;
;;                                                                                  ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

   format binary as "bin"               ; Tell FASM to make an BIN image

   ORG 0

BootSector:                             ; Label in order to determine size of code for
                                        ; padding at the end.
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Start Boot Procedure                                                             ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Begin:                                  ; Begining of instructions

    CLI                                 ; Turn off intterrupts
    mov ax,0060h                        ; Boot Segment (no need to copy there)
    mov ds,ax
    mov es,ax
    MOV [CDDriveNumber],DL              ; Save boot drive, right away
    MOV AX,7000h
    MOV DS,AX                           ; Segment of saved variables for SmiddyOS
    MOV BX,530h                         ; Offset of boot drive saved variable
    MOV [DS:BX],DL                      ; Save the boot drive for SmiddyOS use later
    MOV AX,60h
    MOV DS,AX                           ; Reset segment
    XOR AX,AX                           ; Zero out the stack segment
    MOV SS,AX
    MOV SP,5FEh                         ; 0000:05FE is the stack for the loader
    STI                                 ; Turn interrupts back on

    MOV SI,WelcomeMessage               ; Tell everyone hello
    CALL PrintString                    ; Print the welcome message
    MOV SI,TheEndOfTheLine              ; Go to the next line
    CALL PrintString

    MOV AL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Load drive number in for comparison
    CMP AL,0                            ; Compare to known BAD drive number for CD/DVD/BD
    JE Failure                          ; If it is, it failed.

    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
    ;; Get Status (Bootable CD-ROM)
    ;;
    ;; Call with: AX = 4B01H
    ;; DL = Drive number
    ;; DS:SI = Empty specification packet (needs to be 13h in size)
    ;;
    ;; Return: If Function Successful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Clear
    ;;
    ;; If Function Unsuccessful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Set
    ;; AX = Status code
    ;;
    ;; DS:SI = Specification packet filled
    ;;       Offset Size Description
    ;;       00h    db   size of packet in bytes (13h)
    ;;       01h    db   boot media type
    ;;                   Bit(s) Description
    ;;                   3-0    media type.
    ;;                   0000   no emulation.
    ;;                   0001   1.2M diskette.
    ;;                   0010   1.44M diskette.
    ;;                   0011   2.88M diskette.
    ;;                   0100   hard disk
    ;;                   Other reserved
    ;;                   5-4    reserved (0)
    ;;                   6      image contains ATAPI driver
    ;;                   7      image contains SCSI driver(s)
    ;;       02h    db   drive number
    ;;                   00h floppy image
    ;;                   80h bootable hard disk
    ;;                   81h-FFh nonbootable or no emulation drive
    ;;       03h    db   CD-ROM controller number
    ;;       04h    dd   Logical Block Address (LBA) of disk image to emulate
    ;;       08h    dw   device specification (same as boot media type plus)
    ;;                   (IDE) bit 0: Drive is slave instead of master
    ;;                   (SCSI)  bits 7-0: LUN and PUN
    ;;                   bits 15-8: Bus number
    ;;       0Ah    dw   segment of 3K buffer for caching CD-ROM reads
    ;;       0Ch    dw   load segment for initial boot image (if 0000h, load at segment 07C0h; only valid for INT 13h/AH=4Ch)
    ;;       0Eh    dw   number of 512-byte virtual sectors to load (only valid for INT 13h/AH=4Ch)
    ;;       10h    db   low byte of cylinder count (for INT 13/AH=08h)
    ;;       11h    db   sector count, high bits of cylinder count (for INT 13h/AH=08h)
    ;;       12h    db   head count (for INT 13h/AH=08h)
    ;;
    ;; Comments:
    ;;
    ;; The Function is used to get the status of the CD/DVD/BD. This function is called
    ;; first for "no emulation" booting of optical media. If the Function is successful,
    ;; the carry flag is clear, else carry flag is set and AX register returns status
    ;; code.
    ;;
    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

GetBootedCDStatus:

    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Prepare to read CD-ROM, load boot drive
    MOV AH,4Bh                          ; Use function 4Bh
    MOV AL,1
    MOV SI,DiskResultsBuffer            ; Results buffer to load
    INT 13h                             ; Call Check Extensions Present?

    JC Failure                          ; Need to engage the Failure Procedure

    MOV AH,255                          ; Load proposed error code (255 is our failure code for drive number miss detected)
    MOV DL,[DiskResultsBuffer+2]        ; Load resultant drive information
    CMP [CDDriveNumber],DL              ; Compare to see if they are the same (they should be)
    JNE Failure                         ; If they are not, Failure

    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
    ;; More information can be gathered here if needed later, not needed at this time.
    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
    ;; Check INT 13h Extensions Present
    ;;
    ;; Call with: AH = 41H
    ;; DL = Drive number (80h - FFh; but we're interested in CDs for this exercise)
    ;; BX = 55AAh (Signature?)
    ;;
    ;; Return: If Function Successful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Clear
    ;; BX = AA55h if installed
    ;; AH = major version of extensions
    ;;    01h = 1.x
    ;;    20h = 2.0 / EDD-1.0
    ;;    21h = 2.1 / EDD-1.1
    ;;    30h = EDD-3.0
    ;; AL = internal use
    ;; CX = API subset support bitmap
    ;;      1 - Device Access using packet structure (INT 13h AH=42h-44h,47h,48h)
    ;;      2 - Drive Locking and Ejecting (INT 13h AH=45h,46h,48h,49h,INT 15h AH=52h)
    ;;      4 - Enhanced Disk Drive Support (INT 13h AH=48h,AH=4Eh)
    ;; DH = extension version (v2.0+ ??? -- not present in 1.x)
    ;;
    ;; If Function Unsuccessful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Set
    ;; AH = 01h (invalid function)
    ;;
    ;; Comments:
    ;;
    ;; The Function is used to see if INT 13h extensions are present (not really
    ;; needed if you can do the previous function, right?)
    ;;
    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

GetINT13hExtenstions:

    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Prepare to read CD-ROM, load boot drive
    MOV AH,41h                          ; Use function 41h: Check Extensions Present
    MOV BX,55AAh                        ; Signature?
    INT 13h                             ; Call Check Extensions Present? (This makes no sense if you try INT 13h Function 4B01h, but details are
                                        ; provided upon return if CF isn't set)

    JC Failure                          ; Nope, get out of here...

    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
    ;; Extended Read Function
    ;;
    ;; Call with AH=42h
    ;; DL = drive number
    ;; DS:SI = Disk Address Packet (DAP)
    ;;       Offset Size Description
    ;;       00h    db   Size of packet (10h or 18h; we're using 10h here, see below)
    ;;       01h    db   Reserved (0)
    ;;       02h    dw   Number of sectors to read (max 007Fh for Phoenix EDD)
    ;;       04h    dd   Initial segment:offset where to load the read in sector(S)
    ;;       08h    dq   starting absolute sector number (for non-LBA devices, compute as (Cylinder*NumHeads + SelectedHead) * SectorPerTrack + SelectedSector - 1
    ;;       10h    dq   (EDD-3.0, optional) 64-bit flat address of transfer buffer; used if dd at 04h is FFFFh:FFFFh
    ;;
    ;; Return: If Function Successful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Clear
    ;; AH = 00h
    ;;
    ;; If Function Unsuccessful,
    ;; Carry Flag = Set
    ;; AH = Error code
    ;;
    ;; Error code:
    ;;   00h    successful completion
    ;;   01h    invalid function in AH or invalid parameter
    ;;   02h    address mark not found
    ;;   03h    disk write-protected
    ;;   04h    sector not found/read error
    ;;   05h    reset failed (hard disk)
    ;;   05h    data did not verify correctly (TI Professional PC)
    ;;   06h    disk changed (floppy)
    ;;   07h    drive parameter activity failed (hard disk)
    ;;   08h    DMA overrun
    ;;   09h    data boundary error (attempted DMA across 64K boundary or >80h sectors)
    ;;   0Ah    bad sector detected (hard disk)
    ;;   0Bh    bad track detected (hard disk)
    ;;   0Ch    unsupported track or invalid media
    ;;   0Dh    invalid number of sectors on format (PS/2 hard disk)
    ;;   0Eh    control data address mark detected (hard disk)
    ;;   0Fh    DMA arbitration level out of range (hard disk)
    ;;   10h    uncorrectable CRC or ECC error on read
    ;;   11h    data ECC corrected (hard disk)
    ;;   20h    controller failure
    ;;   31h    no media in drive (IBM/MS INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   32h    incorrect drive type stored in CMOS (Compaq)
    ;;   40h    seek failed
    ;;   80h    timeout (not ready)
    ;;   AAh    drive not ready (hard disk)
    ;;   B0h    volume not locked in drive (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B1h    volume locked in drive (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B2h    volume not removable (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B3h    volume in use (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B4h    lock count exceeded (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B5h    valid eject request failed (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   B6h    volume present but read protected (INT 13 extensions)
    ;;   BBh    undefined error (hard disk)
    ;;   CCh    write fault (hard disk)
    ;;   E0h    status register error (hard disk)
    ;;   FFh    sense operation failed (hard disk)
    ;;
    ;; Initial DAP:
    ;;
    ;;   db 10h       - Initial Volume Descriptor, which has the important data we need
    ;;                  to get to the root directory where our OS is stored.
    ;;   db 0         - Unused, should be zero
    ;;   dw 1         - Number of sectors to read (initial one should be one for Volume Descriptor)
    ;;   dd 0200:0000 - Initial segment:offset where to load the read in sector(S)
    ;;   dq 16        - Starting sector to read in, then we need to get to the root directory
    ;;
    ;; Comments:
    ;;
    ;; This functions is called three times: Initially to get the Initial
    ;; Volume Descriptor so we can find the root directory; then it gets used
    ;; again to read in the root directory, so we can scan for SmiddyOS; finally
    ;; once we recognize SmiddyOS we load it and jump to it, if all goes as it
    ;; should "on a good day" as expected (this is done in FindSmiddyOS).
    ;;
    ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Set it up again
    MOV AH,42h                          ; Read from drive function
    MOV SI,DiskAddressPacket            ; Load SI with address of the Disk Address Packet
    INT 13h                             ; Call read sector from drive
    JC Failure                          ; Nope, hosed, get out

    MOV ES,[DiskAddressPacket.Segment]  ; This sets up so we can start analyzing the data
    MOV DI,[DiskAddressPacket.Offset]   ; This sets up so we can start analyzing the data

    MOV BX,40                           ; Load BX with Volume Label offset (Check CDROM.ASM or ISO 9660)

VolumeLabelLoop:

    MOV CL,[ES:DI+BX]                   ; Grab a letter
    CMP CL,' '                          ; Is it a space? (Assumes end of string is space, may run out)
    JE .VolumeLabelDone                 ; Yes, we are done

    MOV [VolumeLabel+BX-40],CL
    INC BX
    JMP VolumeLabelLoop                 ; Need to compare BX to length of Volume Label on CD (32?)

.VolumeLabelDone:

    MOV byte [VolumeLabel+BX-40],0      ; End the string

    MOV EAX,[ES:DI+158]                 ; LBA of root directory, where all things start.
    MOV [DiskAddressPacket.End],EAX     ; Load packet with new address on CD of the root directory
    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Set it up again
    MOV AH,42h                          ; Read from drive function
    MOV SI,DiskAddressPacket            ; Load SI with address of the Disk Address
                                        ;    Packet
    INT 13h                             ; Call read sector from drive

    JC Failure                          ; Nope, hosed, get out

    CALL FindSmiddyOS
    MOV AH,0FEh                         ; If the FindSmiddyOS makes it back here,
                                        ;   then the file was not found

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Failure: Displays failure with an error code number.                            ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

Failure:

    mov AL,AH                           ; Put the error into lowest bits
    mov cl,8                            ; only 8 bits
    call ToHex                          ; Get what is in the XX to display

    MOV SI,FailureMessage               ; reboot message
    CALL PrintString
    mov si,HexBuffer
    CALL PrintString
    MOV SI,AddTheHAtTheEnd
    CALL PrintString
    MOV SI,TheEndOfTheLine
    CALL PrintString
    mov SI,PressAnyKeyMessage
    CALL PrintString
    MOV AH,0                            ; Reboot on error
    INT 16h                             ; BIOS GetKey
    INT 19h                             ; BIOS Reboot

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; FindSmiddyOS: Locates SmiddyOS in the root directory of the CD/DVD/BD and launchs  ;;
;;               it if it finds it.                                                   ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

NumberOfSectorsToRead:   dd 0

FindSmiddyOS:

    MOV ES,[DiskAddressPacket.Segment]
    MOV DI,[DiskAddressPacket.Offset]

    MOV SI,DriveDisplayMessage
    CALL PrintString

    CMP byte [VolumeLabel],0
    JE .NoLabel

    MOV SI,VolumeLabel
    CALL PrintString
    JMP .LabelDone

.NoLabel:

    MOV SI,HasNoLabel
    CALL PrintString

.LabelDone:

    MOV SI,TheEndOfTheLine
    CALL PrintString
    MOV SI,TheEndOfTheLine
    CALL PrintString

.GrabDirectoryEntry:

    MOV AL,[ES:DI]                      ; Length of the current directory entry
    MOV [DirectoryEntrySize],AL

    MOV EAX,[ES:DI+2]                   ; Starting sector of directory entry
    MOV [FileSector],EAX

    MOV EAX,[ES:DI+10]                  ; Size of directory entry on CD/DVD/BD
    MOV [FileSize],EAX

    MOV AL,[ES:DI+32]                   ; File's name length (see El Torito of ISO:9660 or CDROM.ASM)
    MOV [FileNameLength],AL

    XOR BX,BX                           ; Initialize BX
    XOR CX,CX                           ; Initialize CX
    MOV SI,DI
    ADD SI,33
    MOV BX,FileNameEntry
    MOV AL,[FileNameLength]
    CMP AL,1                            ; Check to see if a dot or dotdot entry
    JE .DotAndDotDotEntries

.LoopFileNameEntry:                     ; Capture the filename entry for later manipulation

    MOV AL,[ES:SI]
    MOV [DS:BX],AL
    INC BX
    INC CX
    INC SI
    XOR AX,AX
    MOV AL,[FileNameLength]
    CMP CX,AX
    JB .LoopFileNameEntry

    MOV byte [DS:BX],0
    JMP .FileNameEntryDisplay

.DotAndDotDotEntries:

    MOV AL,[FileEntryNumber]
    CMP AL,0
    JA .DoDotDotEntry
    MOV word [FileNameEntry],'.'        ; First directory entry
    MOV byte [FileNameEntry+1],0        ; End the string with a termination
    JMP .FileNameEntryDisplay

.DoDotDotEntry:

    MOV word [FileNameEntry],'..'       ; Second directory entry
    MOV byte [FileNameEntry+2],0        ; End the string with a termination

.FileNameEntryDisplay:

    MOV SI,FileNameEntry
    PUSH DI
    MOV DI,FileName
    CALL StringCompare
    POP DI
    JC .EndOfTheLine


    MOV EAX,[FileSector]
    MOV [DiskAddressPacket.End],EAX     ; Save the starting sector into DAP
    MOV EAX,[FileSize]
    XOR EDX,EDX
    MOV EBX,2048
    DIV EBX
    INC EAX
    MOV [NumberOfSectorsToRead],EAX     ; This is the absolute number of sectors
                                        ;   to be read.
    CMP AX,32
    JA .UpdateSectorsToRead
    MOV [DiskAddressPacket.SectorsToRead],AX  ; Save number of sectors to read
    JMP .PassedTheUpdate

.UpdateSectorsToRead:

    MOV [DiskAddressPacket.SectorsToRead],word 32
    SUB [NumberOfSectorsToRead],dword 32

.PassedTheUpdate:

.ReadTheSectorsLoop:

    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Set it up again
    MOV AH,42h                          ; Read from drive function
    MOV SI,DiskAddressPacket            ; Load SI with address of the Disk Address Packet
    INT 13h                             ; Call read sector from drive
    JC Failure                          ; Nope, hosed, get out

    CMP [NumberOfSectorsToRead], dword 0
    JE .StartTheOperatingSystem

    MOV EAX,[DiskAddressPacket.SectorsToRead]   ; Add sectors read (32) to it, for the new
                                                ;   starting sector
    ADD [DiskAddressPacket.End],EAX     ; Update sector to start reading from on CD/DVD/BD
    MOV EBX,2048
    MUL EBX                             ; Update EAX with amount of space used
    SHR EAX,4                           ; Shift it right to update the segment to load next
    ADD [DiskAddressPacket.Segment], AX ; Segment to load next in memory
    CMP [NumberOfSectorsToRead],dword 32 ; Is this still too big (greater than 64k barrier?
    JAE .UpdateSectorsToRead            ; If so, need to load another 32 sectors

    MOV EAX,[NumberOfSectorsToRead]     ; Else
    MOV [DiskAddressPacket.SectorsToRead],AX ; We load what is left
    MOV [NumberOfSectorsToRead],dword 0 ; Zero out this bad boi!
    JMP .ReadTheSectorsLoop

.StartTheOperatingSystem:


    MOV DL,[CDDriveNumber]              ; Drive into DL for booting

    JMP     0202h:0h                    ; Start SmiddyOS

.EndOfTheLine:

    MOV SI,TheEndOfTheLine
    CALL PrintString

    XOR CX,CX                           ; Prepare CX to do math for DI
    MOV CL,[DirectoryEntrySize]         ; Get the size of the directory entry
    ADD DI,CX                           ; Add that size to the DI to get to the next record
    CMP byte [ES:DI],0                  ; Is the next entry = 0?
    JE .End                             ; If so, we're at the end of the directory, move on

    XOR CX,CX
    MOV BX,FileNameEntry

.ClearFileNameEntry:

    MOV byte [DS:BX],0                  ; Erase the begining of the
    INC BX
    INC CX
    CMP CX,254
    JB .ClearFileNameEntry
    MOV byte [DS:BX],0
    INC byte [FileEntryNumber]
    JMP .GrabDirectoryEntry             ; If not, we have more processing to do

.End:

    RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; PrintString                                                                      ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

PrintString:

    PUSHA                               ; Save Registers

.Loop:

    LODSB                               ; Load SI into AL, increment SI one byte
    OR AL,AL                            ; AL = 0?
    JZ .Done                            ; If yes, get out
    MOV AH,0Eh
    MOV BH,0
    MOV BL,7                            ; character attribute
    INT 10h                             ; Display character in AL
    JMP .Loop                           ; Do it again

.Done:

    POPA                                ; Replace registers

    RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; ToHex
;; Loads HexBuffer with ASCII corresponding to 8, 16, or 32 bit interger in
;;    hex.
;; Requires interger in AL, AX, or EAX depending on bit size
;; Requires the number of bits in the CL
;; Returns a full buffer or an empty buffer on error
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

ToHex:

    pusha

    MOV BX,0                    ; Load BX with pointer offset
    MOV [TheEAX],EAX            ; Save the EAX
    MOV [TheCL],CL              ; Save the CL 
    CMP CL,8                    ; Check for 8 bits
    JNE .Check16
    JMP .Loop1                  ; Start loading the buffer

.Check16:

    CMP CL,10h                  ; Check for 16 bits
    JNE .Check32
    JMP .Loop1                  ; Start loading the buffer

.Check32:

    CMP CL,20h                  ; Check for 32 bits
    JNE .ErrorBits

.Loop1:

    MOV EAX,[TheEAX]            ; Reload EAX with the converter
    SUB CL,4                    ; Lower bit count by 4 bits
    SHR EAX,CL

    AND AL,0Fh
    ADD AL,'0'
    CMP AL,'9'
    JBE .LoadBuff1
    ADD AL,'A'-'0'-10           ; Convert to "A" to "F"

    JMP .LoadBuff1

.Loop2:
    MOV EAX,[TheEAX]            ; Reload EAX again
    SUB CL,4                    ; Lower bit count by 8 bits
    SHR EAX,CL
    AND AL,0Fh
    ADD AL,'0'
    CMP AL,'9'
    JBE .LoadBuff2
    ADD AL,'A'-'0'-10           ; Convert A,B,C,D,E,F

    JMP .LoadBuff2

.LoadBuff1:

    MOV [HexBuffer+BX],AL       ; Load buffer with AL
    INC BX                      ; Increment buffer pointer
    JMP .Loop2                  ; Do next byte

.LoadBuff2:

    MOV [HexBuffer+BX],AL       ; Load buffer with AL
    INC BX                      ; Increment buffer pointer
    CMP CL,0                    ; Check if we're done
    JNE .Loop1                  ; Do next Byte 

.ErrorBits:

    MOV AL,0
    MOV [HexBuffer+BX],AL       ; End the string with a zero
    
    popa

    RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; StringCompare                                                                   ;;
;;                                                                                 ;;
;;    Compares the equality of two strings, loaded in SI and DI.                   ;;
;;                                                                                 ;;
;;    Sets the CF if not the same.                                                 ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

StringCompare:

    PUSH SI                             ; Save ESI to be restored at the end
    PUSH DI                             ; Save EDI to be restored at the end

.Loop:

    MOV AL,[SI]                         ; Grab byte from ESI
    MOV BL,[DI]                         ; Grab byte from EDI
    CMP AL,BL                           ; Compare if they are equal
    JNE .NotEqual                       ; They aren't equal

    CMP AL,0                            ; Both bytes are null
    JE .Done

    INC DI                              ; Increment EDI
    INC SI                              ; Increment ESI
    JMP .Loop                           ; Start looping

.NotEqual:

    STC                                 ; Set the carry flag to indicate failure
    JMP .End

.Done:

    CLC                                 ; Clear the carry flag to indicate success

.End:

    POP DI                              ; Restore EDI before returning to caller
    POP SI                              ; Restore ESI before returning to caller

    RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; StringLength                                                                    ;;
;;                                                                                 ;;
;;    Checks the length of the string in the SI and returns it in the AX.          ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

StringLength:

    XOR EAX,EAX

.Loop:

    CMP byte [ESI+EAX],0
    JE .End

    INC EAX
    JMP .Loop

.End:

    RET

;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; Program Data                                                                     ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

DirectoryEntrySize:         db 0
FileSector:                 dd 0
FileSize:                   dd 0
FileNameLength:             db 0
FileNameEntry:              TIMES 255 db ' '
FileEntryNumber:            db 0
DriveDisplayMessage:        db 'Volume in drive: ',0  ; Get label from Primary Volume Descriptor (loaded first)
HasNoLabel:                 db 'no label',0
FileNamePointer:            dw 0

DataSector:                 DW 0
CDDriveNumber:              db 0
RootDirectorySector         dd 0

FileName:                   DB 'SMIDDYOS.EXE',0                ; FAT Filename, 8.3, or 11 characters

WelcomeMessage:             db 13,10,'smiddy OS CD boot v1.00',225,13,10,0   ; Version of CD-Boot
FailureMessage:             db 'Failure: ',0
DriveNumberReported:        db 'Drive number reported: ',0
PressAnyKeyMessage:         db 'Press any key to reboot...',13,10,0
AddTheHAtTheEnd:            db 'h',0
TheEndOfTheLine:            db 13,10,0                        ; Used to print the end of the line string
SizeOfPacketInBytes:        db 'The size of packet in bytes: ',0
BootMediaType:              db 'The boot media type: ',0
DriveNumberFromPacket:      db 'Drive number from packet: ',0
VolumeLabel:                TIMES 33 db 0                     ; Where the volume label is stored

DiskAddressPacket:          db 16,0
.SectorsToRead:             dw 1                              ; Number of sectors to read (read size of OS)
.Offset:                    dw 0                              ; Offset :0000
.Segment:                   dw 0200h                          ; Segment 0200: currerntly, will change to 0200:0000 for loading SmiddyOS
.End:                       dq 16                             ; Sector 16 or 10h on CD-ROM

DiskResultsBuffer:          times 30 db 0                     ; Return buffer from int 13h ah=48h
HexBuffer:                  DB 0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0              ; Buffer for hex text string
TheEAX:                     dd 0                              ; Saves EAX
TheCL:                      db 0


;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
;; 512 Byte Code Boot Signature                                                     ;;
;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

TIMES 2046-($-BootSector)   DB 0
                            DW 0AA55h           ; Bootloading sector signature (for CD/DVD/BD) I am not sure this is needed for optical media booting.